Public Sector Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Sector Accounting - Assignment Example Conversely, the cash flow accounts have been adopted into company accounting in the latest decades, however, it is not called â€Å"adoption of public segment accounting.† Regardless of the significance given to cash inflow accounts, it acts only to â€Å"add-on the data in the balance sheet as well as the statement of income† (Hopwood 2000, p.24). In the debate enclosing present day’s public sector accounting restructuring, the existing philosophy intervenes an absolute changeover from â€Å"company accounting-like† techniques, by which on hand information is re-organized to produce additional financial accounts, to double-entry accounting and other company accounting techniques ‒ that is, the execution of company bookkeeping practices for public segment accounting ‒ and this transformation will necessitate significant reforms to the existing framework (Budding & Tagesson 2010, p.55-73). Bookkeeping has traditionally been split into company accounting as well as non-profit bookkeeping on the grounds of whether the monetary unit works to generate net profits. Comparisons with company bookkeeping, which has, in general, the â€Å"bookkeeping† aspect, should be drawn when debating changes of public segment accounting. One setback mentioned in the present system, nonetheless, is that such assessm ents have included nothing more than cataloging those components available in company bookkeeping but not available in public segment accounting, although the two vary in their aims. As a result, this manuscript will study the nature of public segment bookkeeping as it was and company bookkeeping as it is, and will examine the adoption of company bookkeeping practices in public segment accounting now getting underway (Handbook of national accounting: Public sector accounts 2003, p.44)

Leadership in Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in Organization - Essay Example The main source of leader's power is the trust of the workers led by him. (Adair) There are many theories that investigate the nature and purposes of the leadership on organization. They also examine the roles of the leader. The most famous theories are as follows: the theory of servant leader, the theory of democratic leader, great-man theory, group-man theory, the theory of principle-centered leader, the theory of traits, the theory of total leader etc. In the discourse of contemporary management it is much spoken about the difference between leading and managing. According to the traditional theory of management, the key functions of the leader are as following: "planning, organizing, leading and controlling/coordinating." (Adair, p. 28) But many recent theories argue against this understanding of the leadership purpose. Educators, supporting this viewpoint, insist that it is necessary to distinguish between leadership and management. They state that four major functions that were mentioned above are necessary for the manager, but not enough for the leader. They state that these functions help the person apply necessary skills in appropriate time, and that the leadership is something other then just applying person's capabilities. They insist that the leadership is to be focused on the question of how to influence people, and that should be the key purpose of the leader to be achieved. (Adair) However, this new concept hasn't been recognized as the traditional viewpoint, because it reduces the significance of "planning, organizing, leading and controlling/coordinating." If the leader would pay all attention to methods of influencing the people, ignoring all these functions, he will not be a successful leader. As it has been said above, choosing appropriate strategies of leadership depend upon organization and situation. The factors that influence choosing competencies are as follows: 1) the size of the organization 2) the sphere of the leader's skills that the person possesses 3) the values and nature of the person (the strategies are to be chosen in accordance to the person's identity) 4) type of the organization that needs a leader 5) culture, values and behavior of the workers in this particular organization (McLean) Why leadership is so meaningful for the organization Because it helps to mold a group of worker into a team, it makes the workers apply their abilities and skills in necessary places, and makes the team work as a single force, which brings advantage under the conditions of business competitiveness. Leader should organize the workers so that they know how to work collaboratively, at the same time motivating their performance. Leader should also make a balance between the individual goal of each worker and the goal that the whole team is to achieve. "Leaders require that their team members forego the quest for personal best in concert with the team effort". (Thornton, p.27) Here is the pattern to apply the principles of effective leadership to practice: 1. Align day-to-day activities with the centre's vision and mission 2. Communicate the centre's vision and role to internal audiences Model the organization's core values, principles, and philosophies Identify community relations initiatives and implement supporting

The Map Generalization Capabilities Of Arcgis Information Technology Essay

The Map Generalization Capabilities Of Arcgis Information Technology Essay Data processing associated with Geographical Information Systems is so enormous. The information needed from this data actually varies for different applications. Specific details can be extracted, for instance resolution diminished, contours reduced, data redundancy eliminated or features on a map for which application is needed absorbed. This is all aimed at reducing storage space and representing details on a map with a larger scale accurately unto another with a much smaller scale. This paper presents a framework for the Map Generalization tools embedded in ArcGIS (A Geographical Information Systems Software by ESRI) as well as the algorithm each tool uses. Finally, a review of all the tools indicating which is more efficient after thorough analysis of the algorithm used and the desired output result produced. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Map Generalization As (Goodchild, 1991) points out, Map Generalization is the ability to simplify and show spatial [features with location attached to them] relationships as it is seen on the earths surface modelled into a map. The advantages involved in adopting this process cannot be overemphasized. Some are itemized below (Lima dAlge J.C., 1998) It reduces complexity and the rigours Manual Cartographic Generalization goes through. It conveys information accurately. It preserves the spatial accuracy as drawn from the earths surface when modelling A lot of Software vendors came up with solutions to tackle the problem of manual cartography and this report will be reflecting on ArcGIS 9.3 Map Generalization tools. 1.2 Reasons for Automated Map Generalization In times past, to achieve this level of precision, the service of a skilled cartographer is needed. He is faced with the task of modelling [representation of features on the earths surface] on a large scale map into a smaller scale map. This form of manual cartography is very strenuous because it consumes a lot of time and also a lot of expertise is needed due to the fact that the cartographer will inevitably draw all the features and represent them in a smaller form and also taken into consideration the level of precision required so as not to render the data/graphical representation invalid. The setbacks experienced were the motivating factor for the advent or introduction to Automatic Cartographic Design which is known as Automated Map Generalization. A crucial part of map generalization is information abstraction and not necessarily to compress data. Good generalization technique should be intelligent which takes into consideration the characteristics of the image and not just the ideal geometric properties (Tinghua, 2004). Several algorithms [set of instructions taken to achieve a programming result] have been developed to enable this and this report is critically going to explore each of them 1.3 Process of Automated Map Generalization As Brassel and Weibel (n.d.) Map Generalization can be grouped into five steps. Structure Recognition Process Recognition Process Modelling Process Execution Display The step that will be elaborated upon for the cause of this report will be Process Recognition [types of Generalization procedures] which involves different manipulation on geometry in order to simplify the shape and represent it on a smaller scale (Shea and McMaster, 1989) 2.0 Generalization Tools in ArcGIS 9.3 2.1 Smooth Polygon This is a tool used for cartographic design in ArcGIS 9.3. It involves dividing the polygon into several vertices and each vertice being smoothed when the action is performed (FreePatentOnline, 2004-2010). An experiment is illustrated below to show how Smooth Polygon works. Add the layerfile Polygon which has an attribute name of Huntingdonshire-which is a district selected from England_dt_2001 area shapefile that was downloaded from UKBorders. The next step was I selected the ArcTool Box on the standard toolbar of ArcMap, then I went to Generalization Tools which is under Data Management Tools and afterwards I clicked on Smooth Polygon. Open Smooth Polygon > Select Input feature (which is polygon to be smoothed) in this case Polygon > select the output feature class (which is file location where the output image is to be saved) > select the simplification algorithm (which is PAEK) > select the simplification tolerance. Fig 2.0: Display before Smooth Polygon Fig 2.1: Display after Smooth Polygon The table in Fig 2.1 shows the output when Polynomial Approximation Exponential Kernel (Bodansky, et al, 2002) was used. The other algorithm that can be applied for this procedure is Bezier Interpolation. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) PAEK 4 1 Bezier Interpolation 112 Observation PAEK Algorithm: When this technique was used, as the simplification tolerance value is increased, the weight of each point in the image decreased and the more the image is smoothed. Also, the output curves generated do not pass through the input line vertices however, the endpoints are retained. A significant short coming of PAEK Algorithm is that in a bid to smoothen some rough edges, it eliminates important boundaries, to refrain from such occurrence a buffer is to be applied to a zone of certain width before allowing the PAEK Smooth algorithm to execute. (Amelinckx, 2007) Bezier Interpolation: This is the other algorithm that can be applied to achieve Smoothing technique on polygons. In this case, the parameters are the same as PAEKs except that the tolerance value is greyed out- no value is to be inputed and as a result the output image produced is identical to its source because the tolerance value is responsible for smoothen rough edges and the higher value stated, the more the polygon is smoothed. The output curves passes through the input line vertices. When this experiment was performed, it was noticed that its curves were properly aligned around vertices. Conclusion: After performing both experiments, it was observed that the PAEK Algorithm is better because it allows a tolerance value to be inputted which in turn gives you a more smoothed image around curves and this will be of more importance to cartographers that want to smoothen their image and remove redundant points. 2.2 Smooth Line This is the second tool we will be examining. This is similar to Smooth Polygon technique except that the input feature will have to be a polyline shapefile. The steps are repeated as illustrated in Smooth Polygon but under Generalization Tools; Smooth Line is chosen. Now under input feature (select gower1) which is a dataset provided for use on this report. Specify the output feature > smoothing algorithm selected (PAEK) > smoothing tolerance. Note: All other fields are left as defaults i.e. No_check/Flag Error meaning we do not want it to display any errors if encountered and fixed_Endpoint/Not_fixed which preserves the endpoint of a polygon or line and applies to PAEK Algorithm. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) PAEK 1000 2 Bezier Interpolation 4 Fig 2.2: Display after Smooth Line technique was applied __________ (Before Smoothing Line) __________ (After Smoothing Line) Observation PAEK Algorithm: The tolerance value used here was so high to be able to physically see the changes made. PAEK Algorithm as applied on gower1 smoothed the curves around edges and eliminates unimportant points around the edges. This results in an image with fewer points as the tolerance value is increased. The output line does not pass through the input line vertices. This algorithm uses a syntax where the average of all the points is taken and for a particular vertex, which is substituted with the average coordinates of the next vertex. This is done sequentially for each vertex but displacement of the shape is averted by giving priority to the weighting of the central point than that of its neighbouring vertex. Bezier Interpolation: Just like in Smoothing Polygon, a tolerance value is not required and when this technique was performed in this illustration, points around edges were partially retained resulting in drawing smooth curves around the vertices. The output line passes across the input line vertices. Conclusion: From both illustrations just as in Smooth Polygon, PAEK Algorithm was considered most effective because it generates smoother curves around the edges as the tolerance value is increased. However, the true shape of the image can be gradually lost as this value is increased but with Bezier Interpolation; curves around the vertices are preserved but just smoothed and vertices maintained to as well. Simplify Polygon: This method is aimed at removing awkward bends around vertices while preserving its shape. There are two algorithms involved; Point Remove and Bend Simplify. The shapefile used for this illustration is the polygon (Huntingdonshire) district of England. Select Simplify Polygon (under generalization tools, which is under Data Management tools > then input feature as polygon > output feature> simplification algorithm> smoothing tolerance. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) Point Remove 2 4 Bend Simplify 2 9 Fig 2.3: Display before Simplify Polygon Fig 2.4: Display after Simplify Polygon Point Remove Algorithm: This is a metamorphosis of the Douglas-Peucker algorithm and it applies the area/perimeter quotient which was first used in Wang algorithm (Wang, 1999, cited in ESRI, 2007). From the above experiment, as the tolerance value is increased, more vertices in the polygon were eliminated. This technique simplifies the polygon by reducing lots of vertices and by so doing it loses the original shape as the tolerance value is increased gradually. Bend Simplify Algorithm: This algorithm was pioneered by Wang and Muller and it is aimed at simplifying shapes through detections around bent surfaces. It does this by eliminating insignificant vertices and the resultant output has better geometry preservation. Observation: After applying both algorithms to the polygon above, it was seen that for point remove, the vertices reduced dramatically as the tolerance value was increased in multiples of 2km. This amounts to about 95% reduction while when the same approach was applied to Bend Simplify; there was about 30% reduction in the number of vertices. Bend Simplify also took longer time to execute. Conclusion: It is seen that Bend Simplify is a better option when geometry is to be preserved however when the shape is to be represented on a smaller scale, point remove will be ideal because the shape is reduced significantly thereby appearing as a shrink image of its original. Simplify Line This is a similar procedure to Simplify Polygon except that here the shapefile to be considered is a line or a polygon which contains intersected lines. It is a process that involves reduction in the number of vertices that represent a line feature. This is achieved by reducing the number of vertices, preserving those that are more relevant and expunging those that are redundant such as repeated curves or area partitions without disrupting its original shape (Alves et al, 2010). Two layers are generated when this technique is performed; a line feature class and a point feature class. The former contains the simplified line while the latter contains vertices that have been simplified they can no longer be seen as a line but instead collapsed as a point. This applies to Simplify Polygon too. However, for both exercises no vertex was collapsed to a point feature. To illustrate this, the process is repeated in previous generalization technique, but under Data Management tools > select simplify line > select input feature (gower1) > select output feature > select the algorithm (point remove) > tolerance. Then accept all other defaults because we are not interested in the errors. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) Point Remove 8 7 Bend Simplify 8 12 Fig 2.5: Display after Simplify Line __________ (Before Simplifying Line) __________ (After Simplifying Line) Two algorithms are necessary for performing this operation; Point Remove and Bend Simplify. Observation Point Remove Algorithm: This method has been enumerated in Simplify Polygon. It is observed here that when point remove algorithm was used the lines in gower1 were redrawn such that vertices that occurred redundantly were removed and this became even more evident as the tolerance value increased such that the line had sharp angles around curves and its initial geometry is gradually lost. Bend Simplify Algorithm: This also reduces the number of vertices in a line and the more the tolerance value was increased, the more the number of reduction in the vertices. It takes a longer time to execute than the Point Remove. However the originality of the line feature is preserved. Conclusion: From the two practical exercises, Bend Simplify algorithm is more accurate because it preserves the line feature and its original shape is not too distorted. However, if the feature is to be represented on a much smaller scale and data compression is the factor considered here, then Point Remove will be an option to embrace. Aggregate Polygon: This process involves amalgamating polygons of neighbouring boundaries. It merges separate polygons (both distinct ones and adjacent) and a new perimeter area is obtained which maintains the surface area of all the encompassing polygons that were merged together. To illustrate this, select Data Management Tools > select aggregate polygons > select input feature (which is a selection of several districts from the England_dt_2001 area shapefile I downloaded) > output feature class > aggregation distance (boundary distance between polygons) and then I left other values as default. Fig 2.6: Display before Aggregate Polygon Fig 2.7: Display after Aggregate Polygon Aggregation Distance Used 2km Time Taken 48secs As seen from both figures, the districts in Fig 2.6 were joined together as seen in fig 2.3. As the aggregation distance is increased further, the separate districts are over-merged and the resultant image appears like a plain wide surface area till those hollow parts seen in fig 2.7 disappears. The algorithm used here which is inbuilt into the arcgis software is the Sort Tile Recursive tree. This algorithm computes all the nodes of neighbouring polygons by implementing the middle transversal method in a logical sequence from left to right. When this computation is complete, the result is stored as a referenced node. Now the middle transversal node in the tree is obtained and thereafter a mergence is calculated which spans from the left node to the right node until it get to the root of the tree (Xie, 2010) 2.6 Simplify Building: This process simplifies polygon shapes in form of buildings with the aim of preserving its original structure. To illustrate this, Simplify Building is chosen under Data Management tools. The appropriate fields are chosen; input feature here is a building shape file I extracted from MasterMap download of area code CF37 1TW. a b c d Fig 2.8: Display before Simplify Building Fig 2.9: Display after Simplify Building As shown above, the buildings in (a and b) in fig 2.8 were simplified to (c and d) in fig 2.9 where a tolerance value of 10km was used and the time taken to execute this task was 3secs. As the tolerance value is increased, the more simplified the building is and it loses its shape. The algorithm behind this scene is the recursive approach which was first implemented with C++ programming language but has evolved into DLL (Dynamic Link Library) applications like ArcGIS 9.3 The recursive approach algorithm follows this sequence of steps. Determining the angle of rotation ÃŽÂ ± of the building, computing nodes around a boundary and then enclosing a small rectangular area which contains a set of points The angle of rotation ÃŽÂ ± is set Determining the vertices around edges as regards the recursion used and thereafter to calculate the splitting rate  µ and a recursive decomposition of the edge with respect to those of the new edges. The shortcoming of this algorithm is that L and Z shaped buildings are culprits as they give erroneous shapes while it works perfectly on U and L shaped buildings (Bayer, 2009). 2.7 Eliminate: This technique basically works on an input layer with a selection which can either take the form of Select by Location or Select by Attribute query. The resultant image now chunks off the selection and the remaining composites of the layerfile are now drawn out. To illustrate this, eliminate is chosen under data management tools, the input feature here is England_dt_2001 area shapefile which has some districts selected and the output feature is specified, all other fields left as defaults. From Fig 3.0 after eliminated procedure was taken on the polygon (the green highlights being the selected features), the resultant polygon is shown in Fig 3.1. However the districts in Fig 3.1 now excludes all those selected in Fig 3.0 and this can be seen visually in labels a and b and therefore Fig 3.1 has fewer districts. a b Fig 3.0: Display before Eliminate process Fig 3.1: Display after Eliminate process The time taken for this procedure was 44secs. 2.8 Dissolve: The dissolve tool works similarly to the aggregate polygon except that in dissolve, it is the features of the polygons that are to be aggregated and not the separate polygons themselves. The features are merged together using different statistic types more like an alias performed on them. To illustrate this, click on Dissolve under Data Management tool, select input features- same used for aggregate polygons (features to be aggregated) > the output field (where the result is to be saved) > the dissolve field (fields you want to aggregate together) > statistic type > multi_part > dissolve_lines. The diagram below shows this; Observation: For this exercise, the dissolve field was left as default meaning no field was selected. Also, multi_part was used which denotes that instead of merging smaller fields into a large one-the features becomes so extensive that if this is displayed on a map, there can be loss of performance however the multi_part option makes sure larger features are split into separate smaller ones. Dissolve_line field makes sure lines are dissolved into one feature while unsplit_lines only dissolve lines when two lines have an end node in common. The algorithm for this technique is simply Boolean (like a true or false situation, yes or no). However there are shortcomings with this technique as low virtual memory of the computer can limit the features that are to be dissolved. However, input features can be dissected into parts by an algorithm called adaptive tiling. Fig 3.2: Display before Dissolve process Fig 3.3: Display after Dissolve process Time taken = 10secs 2.9 Collapse Dual Lines: This is useful when centric lines are to be generated among two or more parallel lines with a specific width. This can be very useful when you have to consider large road networks in a block or casing. It enables you to visualize them properly. To illustrate this, open Collapse Dual Lines under data management tools > select input feature (which is gower1) > select the output feature > select maximum width Maximum width (this is the maximum width of the casing allowed that contains the feature to be collapsed e.g. width of a road network) while the minimum width is the minimum value allowed to be able to denote its centric line from. In this exercise, maximum width = 4km Time taken = 4secs Fig 3.4: Display after Collapse Dual Line to Centerline __________ (Before Collapse Dual Line) __________ (After Collapse Dual Line) As seen above, it is observed that when this experiment was performed, those lines in blue are aftermaths of effect of procedure of operation on them because they had a red colour before. However those in red did not change because they did not have a width within the specified maximum width stated. However, this is going to change as the maximum width is increased or a minimum width is set. 3.0 Conclusion From the illustrations shown in this paper, we can see that various forms of generalization tools have their various purposes either in form of shape retention, angular preservation or simply reduction purposes so that a replica image shown on a larger scale can fit in properly on a smaller scale. However depending on the tool chosen, a compromise will have to made on these factors giving preference to what it is we want to be represented after performing the operation. Different algorithms were explored and it is inferred that when polygons or lines are to be simplified, point remove is accurate option when you want to represent them on a smaller scale, however if originality of shape is to be considered then bend simplify algorithm will work best while for Smooth technique on polygons and lines, PAEK Algorithm is better.

History Of Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay

History Of Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay Definitions of SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future The integration of environmental, economic and social considerations as the key to ensuring we maintain our quality of life and continue to create jobs, without compromising the integrity of the natural environment or the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. What is sustainable development? It is a system of resources to get human needs while protecting the environment.So the man can have their needs not only present but also future Problems Sustainable Development(As a solution) position for Engineers Conclusions Component of SD Outdoor Space à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Community Green Space Supports Walk able Urbani Water à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Drilled wellsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dug wellsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rainwater harvesting through a system of cisterns and catchments http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rain_Water_storage.JPG/220px-Rain_Water_storage.JPG A 35,003 liter rainwater harvesting tank in Kerala Waste executive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recycling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of landfill to power sewage treatment plant Building Materialsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ filling: Recycled fiberglass insulation ,Double-paned windows Interior Products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy Star appliances, Compact fluorescent light bulbsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Countertops made of recycled materials: glass, aluminum, paper, etc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recycled Sustainable Forms of Energy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Solar energy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Biomass energy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hydroelectric power à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ wind energy Main targets of SD 1. Education sinking school drop-out rates below 10% 2. Poverty / social omission at least 20 million people in the world are effected due to poverty and social omission 3. Employment 75% of the 20-64 year-olds to be employed 4. RD / modernization 3% of the EUs GDP (public and private combined) to be invested in RD/innovation 5. Climate change / energy greenhouse gas emissions 20% (or even 30%, if the conditions are right) lower than 1990; 20% of energy from renewable; 20% increase in energy efficiency at least 40% of 30-34-year-olds completing third level education 6Aspects of Sustainable Development Social Environmental political economical Cultural 7 Dimensions of Sustainable Development Principles of Sustainable Development Developing Human abilities people are at the core of development initiatives Holistic Science and Appropriate Technology the search for solutions to the complex milieu of development problems has to be undertaken with the perspective that situates specific problems in the larger social and ecological context. Cultural, Moral and Spiritual Sensitivity nurturing the inherent strengths of local and indigenous knowledge, practices and beliefs while respecting the cultural diversity, moral norms and spiritual essence of Filipino society Self-strength of mind Respecting the right and relying on the inherent capacity of the country and its people to decide on the course of their own progress National Sovereignty self-determination at the national level where the norms of society and the specifics of the local ecology inform national governance. Includes human and environmental security as well as achieving and ensuring security and self-reliance in basic staple foods. Gender Sensitivity recognizing the important and complementary roles and the empowerment of both men and women in development Peace, Order and National Unity securing the right of all to a peaceful and secure existence Social Justice, Inter- Intra-Generational and Spatial Equity ensuring social cohesion and harmony through equitable distribution of resources and providing the various sectors of society with equal access to development opportunities and benefits today and in the future Participatory Democracy ensuring the participation and empowerment of all sectors of society in development decision-making and processes and to operationalize inter-sectoral and multi-sectoral consensus Institutional Viability recognizing that sustainable development is a shared, collective and indivisible responsibility which calls for institutional structures that are built around the spirit of solidarity, convergence and partnership between and among different stakeholders. Ecological Soundness recognizing nature as our common heritage and thus respecting the limited carrying capacity and integrity of nature in the development process to ensure the right of present and future generations to this heritage. Biographical Equity and Community-Based Resource Management recognizing that since communities residing within or most proximate to an ecosystem of a bio-geographic region will be the ones to most directly and immediately feel the positive and negative impacts on that ecosystem, they should be given prior claim to the development decisions affecting that ecosystem including management of the resources. Global Cooperation building upon and contributing to the diverse capacities of individual nations Conclusion For the development process of (social,economic and political)in the modern society,sustainable development is more applicable process. R D Planning, design, implementation/manufacturing, operations maintenance HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The first idea about sustainability is emerged during the 1970s and1980s.The topic,How human behavior damage the environment and putting humans at risk is marked first in1972. In 1980 The International Union set the world conservation strategy for the conservation of nature with World Wild life Fund and the UN Environment program,and released the idea of environmental protection in the self interest of the human species In 1987,Brundtland commission released OUR COMMON FUTUTRE,a report that covered the about the environment and poverty in many parts of the world. World attention on sustainability peaked at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, in Rio de Janeiro. It brought together the heads or senior officials of 179 governments, and included the Earth Summit, the largest-ever meeting of world leaders. Rio produced two international agreements, two statements of principles and a major action agenda on worldwide sustainable development. Sustainable design what is Sustainable design? The attitude of designing physical objectives to build environment and agree to service mainly with social environmental and economic sustainability. Theory The main target of the sustainable design is to remove widely, environmental collisions through skilled sensitive design.Manifestations of sustainable design bond the people with the environment,effecting the environment minimally,by requiring no non renewable resources Beyond the elimination of negative environmental impact, there must be projects that are meaningful innovations that can shift actions. A active balance between economy and society, planned to create long-term contact between user and object/service and lastly to be polite and mindful of the environmental and social differences Sustainable design principles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CalifAcadamyOfSciAug28-2008img0640.JPG/290px-CalifAcadamyOfSciAug28-2008img0640.JPG Examples :- The California Academy of Sciences ,San Francisca,california, Its a sustainable building designed by Renzo Piano There are some reasons ,While the practical purpose varies among disciplines, Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably produced or recycled materials which require little energy to process Energy efficiency: use built-up processes and produce products which require less energy Quality and durability: longer-lasting and better-functioning goods will have to be replaced less frequently, sinking the impacts of producing replacements Design for reuse and recycling: Products, processes, and systems should be planned for performance in a commercial afterlife. Design Impact Measures for total carbon footprint and life-cycle assessment for any resource used are increasingly required and available. Many are complex, but some give quick and accurate whole-earth estimates of impacts. One measure estimates any spending as consuming an average economic share of global energy use of 8,000  BTU (8,400  kJ) per dollar and producing at the average rate of 0.57  kg of CO2 per dollar (1995 dollars US) from DOE figures. Sustainable Design Standards and project design guides are also increasingly available and are vigorously being developed by a wide array of private organizations and individuals. There is also a large body of new methods emerging from the rapid development of what has become known as sustainability science promoted by a wide variety of educational and governmental institutions. Biomimicry: redesigning industrial systems on biological lines enabling the constant reuse of materials in continuous closed cycles Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from personal ownership of products to provision of services which provide similar functions, e.g., from a private automobile to a carsharing service. Such a system promotes minimal resource use per unit of consumption (e.g., per trip driven).[11] Renewability: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably managed renewable sources that can be composted when their usefulness has been exhausted. Robust eco-design: robust design principles are applied to the design of a pollution sources). Applications Applied fields. Sustainable architecture design Sustainable landscape Sustainable graphic design Sustainable agriculture design Urban design Urban planning Engineering Industrial design Interior design Fashion design Human Computer interaction Sustainable design is the most important solution to global environmental damages. increment of human population, continuous development of economic activities decrement and failure of natural resources hurt the ecosystems and loss of biodiversity. The Whole earth effected,increment of goods and services is consistently outpacing gains in efficiency due to the restrictions of sustainable design. As a result, the net effect of sustainable design to date has been to simply improve the efficiency of continuously increasing impacts. The present situation, that targets on the efficiency of delivering services and products is not a solution for this problem. The basic dilemmas contended: the increasing complexity of efficiency improvements; the difficulty of implementing new technologies in societies built around old ones; that physical impacts of delivering goods and services are not localized, but are distributed throughout the economies; and that the scale of resource use is growing and not stabilizing.

Is the Colt .45 Obsolete? :: Guns Weapons Essays

Is the Colt .45 Obsolete? Can the Model 1911 Colt .45 Autos still hold their own in today’s market of newfangled high tech guns? The 1911’s have faithfully served our country from 1911 to 1983 without any changes being made to the original design, and only minor modifications were incorporated then, such as an automatic firing pin locking safety and a redesigned half-cock notch. It is a proven design and there is nothing newfangled about it. Colt Firearms had a long and profitable relationship with John Browning, which included his machine guns as well as the world-famous Colt .45 automatic pistol. In 1899, John Browning had devised an auto-loading pistol using a locked-breech, tilting-barrel design and chambering a powerful .38 auto pistol cartridge. The army wasn’t interested in a .38 caliber pistol; instead, because of its effective stopping power, the next pistol was to be of the .45 caliber. Using Browning’s inventive genius, Colt, with the help of John Browning and the U.S. Army, produced the timeless .45 Auto Government Model of 1911. -1- The United States adopted the caliber .45 Browning-designed Colt automatic pistol in 1911. All manufacture of this pistol was originally carried on at Colt, but Springfield Armory was tooled to produce the weapon by 1914. At the time of United States entry into World War I, 55,553 pistols were on hand. During World War I, Model 1911 pistols were manufactured by Remington Arms and Colt,†¦ Approximately 450,000 Model 1911 pistols were made during World War I by Colt and Remington. Colt was by far the largest producer;†¦ To this day the 1911,s are still in service with U.S. Armed Forces, police agencies and some very elite units, most notably the LAPD SWAT Team. Since the beginning of its career when the Military adopted the pistol in 1911, it has proved itself a fine fighting handgun. The Colt 1911 has seen action in all the major conflicts of the 20th Century from WWI, WWII, Korea and Vietnam to Desert Storm. Many of the 1911,s from WWII are still in active service today. To clarify matters, when I refer to the †Colt 1911† or â€Å"1911†, I am not only referring to the original1911, but also all subsequent modifications and developments as well, including the 1911A1 in commercial and military trim, the Commanders, the assorted copies and clones†¦to be short, all pistols based on the original Government Model of 1911.

Odysseus :: essays research papers

Odysseus is a hero of all times thanks to Homer who wrote his story in The Odyssey. Odysseus is a hero in his on time because of all his adventures and characteristics. Homer wrote about the Trojan War, in which Odysseus took part in, in the Iliad, and about Odysseus’ long journey home in, The Odyssey. There have been theories that suggest that Homer was illiterate and could not have possibly recited poems of these lengths by memory, and that they were put together much later on and added to. However, there is evidence that a city, possible Troy, existed and was destroyed. Also there was a kingdom of Ithica which allows for a king Odysseus. Even if the King did not go to the war there was still a chance that he might have existed. In the Odyssey, Homer used a narrative structure to tell his stories. The original texts were wrote on papyrus scrolls and it is theorized that these scrolls each told a chapter in Homers plays. The modern version of The Odyssey is a combination of all these scrolls that could have existed as separate stories about Odysseus’ travels, his encounters, and how he obtained his status as a hero. Ancient Greece has always been an interest of mine. In 6th grade a teacher that I had know for my whole schooling showed a movie every week. One week we watched â€Å"Jason and the Argonaughts†. Ever since then I could never get enough Greek mythology. In freshman year of high school we read the annotated text book version of The Odyssey. Lucky for me, I transferred English classes at the semester and I was able to read The Odyssey twice. And since then Odysseus has been a hero to me. The story starts in book 9, Odysseus telling his story to the King of Phaeaica. They sacked a city then sailed away when faced with opposing force. Next, they landed on the island of the lotus-eaters. After Odysseus pried his crew away from the lotus-eaters, they landed on the island of the Cyclops. Here is where Odysseus displays all his heroic qualities. Odysseus picked twelve of the best warriors from his crew to accompany him on the visit to the Cyclops, Polyphemus, and son of the god that shakes the Earth, Poseidon. Polyphemus takes Odysseus captive and proceeds to eat his warriors for meals. Odysseus dreams up an ingenious plan.

African-American Civil Right Movement

The African-American Civil Rights Movement During the frail moments in history there are times to be seen as a great movement. One of those moments in the history of America was the African-American Civil Rights Movement. This movement came by storm with different views on how civil rights should be fought. With the extremism of Malcolm X or the prolific voice of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. There were key court cases Brown v. Board of Education and the world wide known Rosa Parks. This action by African-Americans to fight for equality was a battle which they had to endure.However, the African-American people would be able to succeed in the goals which they set. One of the greatest social movements within the United States was the African-American Civil Rights Movement. This movement wanted to rid or outlaw racial discrimination against African-Americans. The movement had a major campaign of civil resistance which were acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience that would create a disturbance to federal, state, and local governments. The segregation between â€Å"White† and â€Å"Colored† was the main cause for these protests. The segregation was nonsense.With separate drinking fountains, restrooms, and other miniscule areas the segregation between whites and coloreds kept the rift between these two races. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is known for his heroic speeches that describe that to thrive as a nation, a nation must be united. With his superior charismatic skills he was able to grab the attention of the nation. His most famous speech which is known by most as â€Å"I have a dream† speech was the high point of the 1963 March on Washington. Another leader during the African-American Civil Right Movement was Malcolm X.Though many peers viewed him as a advocate that charged racial issue, he undoubtedly brought the attention of racial injustice. An example of his actions was a New York Police beating on Johnston Hinton. Malcolm X went t o the police station to see Mr. Hinton and was denied. Malcolm then created a crowd of protesters and with the growing numbers of his peers the police station then allowed him to see Hilton. It was protests like these which lead the charge to equality throughout the nation. But there were also key law suits and court cases that would make justice history.During a movement there has to be examples to which are known, and can be used to show either the highest achievements of the movement or show how the old justice system is broke. It was the series of court cases known as Brown v. Board of Education. This case was brought to the attention of the court system to allow the education of Black and White Children. The lawyers of the NAACP stated that segregation of the school were unconstitutional and did not promote democracy. With this on May 18, 1954 Greensboro was the first city in the South to execute the ruling of the U.S. Supremes Court’s Brown v. Board of Education. This h ad a positive effect for the movement forward to equality. Another famous court case was the Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Due to her actions taken on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was dubbed â€Å"the mother of the Civil Rights Movement†. Rosa Parks refuse to leave her seat on a public bus to leave room for a white passenger. She was arrested, tried, and convicted for her actions that day. However, due to this incident 50 African-American leaders organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott.With the support of approximately 50,000 African Americans in the Montgomery area, the boycott lasted for 381 days. The results of this boycott lead to the local segregating of African-American and Whites to be lifted. With the mass amount of boycotters the revenue for the bus decreased 80% until a federal court ordered the Montgomery’s bus service to desegregate in November. Other legislative achievements during this movement were the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Ac t of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.With the African-American Civil Rights Movement being a concrete example of the determination of making a nation move forward to a more acceptable place, it was due to these key people which stood up a led a group whom wanted the same privileges as those whom already had. A movement with such importance must be taught and understood. During any movement in history there will always be those who emerge as leaders, sometimes those want to be a leader and some of those who are leaders unintentionally and lead by peaceful actions.These movement leaders: Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made history which will be concreted into the books of history and will be forever known as leaders in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. End Notes 1. Henretta, J. A, Brody, D. , America a Concise  History, Volume 1, Fourth Edition. Boston: Bedfords/St. Martin’s, 2012. 2. Bruce, Perry, The Last Speeches, (New York: Pathfind er, 1998) 978-0-87348-543-2 (accessed October 8, 2012), 165. 3. Klarman, Michael J. ,Brown v.Board of Education and the civil rights movement: abridged edition of From Jim Crow to civil rights  : the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality, Oxford  ; New York  : Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 55 4. Chafe, William Henry, Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) 0-19-502625-X (Accessed October 8, 2012), 81. Bibliography Henretta, J. A, Brody, D. , America a Concise  History, Volume 1, Fourth Edition. Boston: Bedfords/St. Martin’s, 2012. Perry, Bruce. The Last Speeches. New York: Pathfinder, 1989. 78-0-87348-543-2 (accessed October 8, 2012). Klarman, Michael J. ,Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement: abridged edition of From Jim Crow to civil rights  : the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality, Oxford  ; New York  : Oxford Uni versity Press, 2007 Chafe, William Henry (1980). Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-19-502625-X. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. J. A. Henretta, and D. Brody, America a Concise History, (Boston: Bedfords/St.Martin's, 2012), 828. [ 2 ]. Bruce Perry, The Last Speeches, (New York: Pathfinder, 1989)978-0-87348-543-2 (accessed October 8, 2012), 165. [ 3 ]. Klarman, Michael J. ,Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement: abridged edition of From Jim Crow to civil rights  : the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality, Oxford  ; New York  : Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 55 [ 4 ]. Chafe, William Henry (1980). Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-19-50262 5-X.